Phylogeography of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau endemic alpine herb Pomatosace filicula (Primulaceae)

In order to trace the response of alpine plants on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) to the Quaternary climate oscillations, the phylogeographic history of Pomatosace filicula Maxim. was investigated in the present study. Based on sequence variations of two maternally inherited plastid markers, matK and trnH-psbA, and the biparentally inherited nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS), we estimated the population genetic structure, lineage divergence timescale, and population dynamics of P. filicula. Seven plastid haplotypes and two nrITS genotypes were identified across the range-wide sampling of 200 individuals from 24 populations. Although AMOVA revealed a high level of differentiation among populations (F_ST = 0.560), no significant phylogeographic structure was detected (N_ST = 0.503, G_ST = 0.518, P > 0.05). Molecular dating suggested that the divergences between major plastid lineages and nrITS genotypes occurred during the early and middle Pleistocene, and the middle Pleistocene, respectively. This species most likely survived at multiple unglaciated sites on the QTP during the Last Glacial Maximum, with most of these sites located above 4000 m a.s.l. The species probably experienced range expansion at its distribution fringe, but demographic tests did not suggest significant population size changes. We proposed that pronounced effective gene flow (N_em = 0.393) and short generation time may have obscured the phylogeographic and demographic patterns of this species. Our findings will shed new light on the Quaternary evolutionary history of the alpine flora of the QTP.     

Intraspecific differentiation of Pleurospermum hookeri (Apiaceae), and its interspecific relationships with two close relatives in the genus Pleurospermum

In order to clarify the interspecific relationships of a lineage in Pleurospermum, P. hookeri C. B. Clarke, P. yunnanense Franch., and P. giraldii Diels, and to understand intraspecific divergence of P. hookeri, a phylogeographic study was carried out based on 198 individuals from 24 populations. Three chloroplast DNA regions, ndhF-rpl32, trnL-trnF, and trnQ-rps16, were sequenced in the present study. The genetic relationship between P. hookeri and P. giraldii is not as close as previously assumed. Pleurospermum hookeri and P. giraldii may originate from an unknown ancestor located in the Qinling region. Pleurospermum yunnanensewas found to be the closest relative of P. hookeri in all the species included in the phylogenetic analysis. The two haplotypes identified from P. yunnanense are shared with P. hookeri, which is potentially a result of both incomplete linkage sorting and introgression. Three large divergences within P. hookeri were identified, located at the northeastern edge, southeastern edge, and platform of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP), respectively. Long-term history can explain the deep intraspecific divergence of P. hookeri. The uplift of the QTP played a key role in that divergence, and then were the climatic changes in the Quaternary. In addition, we found one refugium at the northeastern edge of the QTP, one at the southeastern edge, and at least one in the Hengduan Mountains region on the platform of the QTP.     

青藏高原微生物生态功能研究进展

青藏高原作为地球“第三极”和全球气候变化敏感区,有着复杂和极端的气候环境,同时也蕴藏了丰富而特殊的生物资源,因此其生物多样性及其对全球气候变化的响应等研究备受关注。随着免培养的分子生态学和高通量测序等技术的迅速发展,青藏高原微生物的多样性及其功能、与其他生物互作等方面的研究不断深入,人们得以进一步认识青藏高原微生物在调节和维持生态系统平衡稳定等方面的重要作用。本文以青藏高原微生物合成功能中的固碳、固氮和藏区特色食品生产和分解作用中的碳、氮、磷、硫元素循环和有毒有害物质的降解以及共生作用中的与微生物、动物、植物共生为主要内容,讨论了微生物对青藏高原其他物种以及生态环境等方面的独特贡献,并对其生态功能进行总结,明确青藏高原微生物对于其脆弱生态环境的重要意义,以期为青藏高原生物多样性保护及微生物资源的开发利用提供参考。     

陕北黄土高原辽东栎林分布区北部边界形成的光合作用机制

为阐明辽东栎林分布区边界形成的原因,沿秦岭到陕北黄土高原的水热梯度,选取秦岭北坡(鸡窝子)和陕北黄土高原森林区南部(陈家山)、中部(槐树庄)及北部(下寺湾)4个辽东栎林样地,测定了辽东栎叶片的气体交换与叶绿素荧光参数、气孔密度和气孔大小.结果表明: 随着水热梯度由南到北呈现出由凉湿到偏温干的变化,辽东栎叶片最大净光合速率(P_{n max})和光饱和点(L_sp)分别由13.34 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1、1489.9 μmol·m^-2·s^-1显著减少到6.99 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1、1055.6 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,暗呼吸速率(R_d)、光补偿点(L_cp)分别由0.313 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1、7.49 μmol·m^-2·s^-1显著增加到1.080 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1、31.96 μmol·m^-2·s^-1;初始荧光(F_o)与非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)呈增加趋势,而PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量(Φ_PSⅡ)、表观电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)等均显著降低.辽东栎的光合能力沿此梯度逐渐减弱,除黄土高原的陈家山外,其他3个样地辽东栎叶片的气孔密度和气孔大小无显著差异.陕北森林区北部辽东栎叶片的光化学活性和电子传递速率等降低,导致光合速率下降可能是其分布区边界形成的重要影响因素之一.     

气候变化背景下中国农业气候资源变化Ⅶ.青藏高原干旱半干旱区农业气候资源变化特征

基于青藏高原干旱半干旱区1961-2007年55个气象站点地面观测资料,利用五日滑动平均法及GIS软件的IDW模块进行栅格处理,对比分析了研究区1961-1980年（时段Ⅰ）和1981-2007年（时段Ⅱ）各气候要素的时空变化特征及其气候倾向率.结果表明：1961-2007年,研究区喜凉作物生长季内日照时数的变化不明显,喜温作物生长季内日照时数呈增加趋势,但空间分布的变化较小;与时段Ⅰ相比,时段Ⅱ喜温作物生长季内积温值≥1500 ℃·d的地区面积扩大33.9%;降水量的空间分布总体表现为由东南低地向西北内陆逐渐递减,研究期间青藏高原东南部喜凉作物生长季内降水量均达到800 mm,其他地区喜凉作物生长季内降水量的气候倾向率有正有负,变幅相对较小,与时段Ⅰ相比,时段Ⅱ喜温作物生长季内降水量≥400 mm的分布面积扩大了40%;参考作物蒸散量（ET₀）总体略有增加,其空间分布格局与日照时数和积温的分布相似,时段Ⅱ较时段Ⅰ喜温作物生长季内ET₀≥400 mm的分布面积扩大了35.7%.研究期间,青藏高原作物生长季内的热量与降水资源有一定幅度增加,这对农牧业生产非常有利,但ET₀的增大表明潜在蒸发增大,需进一步加强研究气候变化对该区域农牧业生产带来的可能影响.     

高原湿地沼泽化草甸土壤真菌与理化性质的关系

以高原湿地纳帕海沼泽化草甸为研究对象, 采用稀释培养结合形态鉴定比较分析0—20 cm、20—40 cm土层的土壤真菌多样性及群落结构组成, 以及土壤理化性质对土壤真菌多样性及群落结构组成的影响。结果表明: 0—20 cm和20—40 cm土层中的真菌数量、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')、均匀度指数(JSW)和丰富度指数(DMA)均表现为0—20 cm土层> 20—40 cm土层; 分别分离得到土壤真菌12属和10属, 其中木霉属、青霉属、腐霉属、曲霉属同为沼泽化草甸两个土层的优势类群, 表现出较高的相似性, 同时20—40 cm未发现枝孢菌属和壳囊孢属, 又表现出一定的差异性。经RDA冗余分析, 土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾、速效磷、pH、容重和自然含水率可能是影响沼泽化草甸土壤真菌群落结构组成的主要因子。     

SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY AND SIMILARITY OF ADULT PLANTS AND SEEDLINGS IN ''BLACK SOIL LAND'' SECONDARY WEED COMMUNITY, QINGHAI-TIBETAN PLATEAU

 在样线调查基础上, 用半方差函数、分形维数、空间自相关等方法对青藏高原“黑土滩”次生毒杂草群落地上成体植株、幼苗空间的异质性, 二者物种构成的相似性及其尺度特征进行分析。结果表明, “黑土滩”次生毒杂草群落在较大尺度上地上成体植株物种数的空间依赖性强, 异质性高, 而个体密度则较均匀; 幼苗物种数在小尺度上空间异质性高, 幼苗密度在大尺度上空间异质性较高, 幼苗密度独立于其物种分布, 高密度的幼苗分布在微地形下和群落间隙中, “黑土滩”毒杂草植物幼苗充分利用空余生态位进行群落补充; “黑土滩”群落在不同尺度上地上成体植株与幼苗物种构成相似性变化的规律性不大; “黑土滩”群落幼苗靠其高密度特征完成群落更新, 植物群落幼苗更新力强, 导致“黑土滩”毒杂草群落趋于稳定。因此, 建议加强干扰以减弱“黑土滩”次生毒杂草群落稳定趋势, 这对恢复“黑土滩”具有重要指导意义。     

The role of biomass allocation strategy in diversity loss due to fertilization

Proposed mechanisms for explaining biodiversity loss due to fertilization include interspecific competition and assemblage-level thinning. The interspecific competition hypothesis (ICH) assumes a link between population changes and species competitive ability, which is related to functional traits such as biomass allocation patterns. Based on a 2-year fertilization experiment in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau, we attempted to explore the relationships between individual and population responses. Individual response was measured by changes in plant biomass and biomass allocation, and population response was estimated by changes in species abundance. The results suggested that following fertilization (1) changes in individual biomass differ among species and functional groups, (2) reproductive allocation tends to decrease for all species whereas leaf allocation generally increases for grasses but decreases for forbs, (3) a strong positive correlation exists between species relative abundance change and individual biomass response, and (4) species relative abundance change has a positive correlation with leaf allocation response, a negative correlation with stem allocation response, and no significant correlation with reproductive allocation response. We conclude that the individual biomass responses and biomass allocation strategy can partly explain diversity loss due to fertilization, a result consistent with the ICH.     

植物次生代谢物含量的季节性变化及其对高原鼠兔食物选择的影响

2008 年6 ～9 月在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站通过自助餐式食物选择实验测定了高原鼠兔对20 种植物的取食量,采用紫外可见分光光度计法测定了不同季节20 种植物中黄酮、缩合单宁、简单酚和总酚4种植物次生代谢物的含量,分析了植物次生代谢物含量与高原鼠兔食物选择之间的相互关系。结果表明,在选定的20 种植物中高原鼠兔喜食的植物有7 种,可食的植物有7 种,厌食的植物有6 种。植物次生代谢物的含量在不同的植物间表现出一定的差异,且有生长季节早期含量低,随后逐渐增高的季节性变化趋势。高原鼠兔对植物的选择性与植物中黄酮含量有显著的负相关性,喜食植物的黄酮含量显著低于厌食植物,喜食植物的单宁含量显著小于可食植物,可食植物的单宁含量显著大于厌食植物。在喜食植物中,高原鼠兔取食量与简单酚和总酚含量呈显著负相关性。以上结果部分验证了植物次生代谢物作为植物的防御对策明显影响高原鼠兔对食物选择的假说。黄酮类次生代谢物明显抑制高原鼠兔的取食,缩合单宁对高原鼠兔食物选择也有一定的抑制作用,高原鼠兔有少量取食但避免大量取食简单酚和总酚含量高的植物的选择策略。     

黄土塬区几种典型土地利用类型的土壤水稳定同位素特征

对陕西省长武县黄土塬区降水及主要土地利用方式下0～20 m剖面土壤水进行采样和稳定同位素测定,研究了该区深层土壤水稳定同位素特征及土壤水运动机制.结果表明：长武塬区大气降水线方程为δD=7.39δ18O+4.34（R2=0.94,n=71）,其降水稳定同位素值具有明显的冬春高、夏秋低的季节变化特征.土壤水稳定同位素值落于当地大气降水线下侧,且高于7-10月降水稳定同位素值,该区土壤主要接受同位素值偏负的夏秋降水的补给.土壤剖面上,不同土地利用方式之间土壤水同位素值随土壤深度增加而趋于一致;相同土地利用条件下,浅层土壤水同位素组成随时间推移而变化的程度剧烈,随土壤深度增加,土壤水同位素值的变化程度减弱,甚至无变化.对比降水和土壤水的稳定同位素值变化发现,在黄土塬区,活塞流和优先流并存于降水入渗过程中,但优先流入渗的发生与土地利用方式存在一定关系.通常情况下,高耗水型人工林草因水分负平衡形成的土壤干层将减小优先流发生的可能性,而农田、荒草地等土地利用方式均易发生优先流形式的降水入渗,从而对深层土壤水分或地下水形成补给.